MP Materials Corp. and its subsidiaries (MP Materials) is the producer of rare earth materials in the Western Hemisphere.
The company owns and operates the Mountain Pass Rare Earth Mine and Processing Facility (‘Mountain Pass’) located near Mountain Pass, San Bernardino County, California, the only rare earth mining and processing site of scale in North America. The company is also developing a rare earth metal, alloy and magnet manufacturing facility in Fort Worth, Texas (‘Independence’ or the...
MP Materials Corp. and its subsidiaries (MP Materials) is the producer of rare earth materials in the Western Hemisphere.
The company owns and operates the Mountain Pass Rare Earth Mine and Processing Facility (‘Mountain Pass’) located near Mountain Pass, San Bernardino County, California, the only rare earth mining and processing site of scale in North America. The company is also developing a rare earth metal, alloy and magnet manufacturing facility in Fort Worth, Texas (‘Independence’ or the ‘Independence Facility’).
Segments
The company’s operations are organized into two reportable segments: Materials and Magnetics.
Materials
The Materials segment operates Mountain Pass, which produces refined rare earth oxides and related products, as well as rare earth concentrate products. The Materials segment primarily generates revenue from (i) sales of rare earth concentrate, which is principally sold pursuant to the Offtake Agreements to Shenghe, that, in turn, typically sells that product to refiners in China; and (ii) sales of separated rare earth products, including neodymium-praseodymium (‘NdPr’) oxide, primarily to customers in Japan, South Korea, and broader Asia.
Magnetics
The Magnetics segment operates the Independence Facility, where the company began the production of magnetic precursor products in December 2024 and anticipates manufacturing neodymium-iron-boron (‘NdFeB’) permanent magnets by the end of 2025. The company expects that the Magnetics segment will begin generating revenue from sales of magnetic precursor products, specifically NdPr metal, to a single customer in the U.S. in the first quarter of 2025.
Strategy
The company’s strategies are to offer the Western Hemisphere a trusted, sustainable source of supply for materials and components that enable the development of critical industries; Leverage the company’s low-cost position to maximize earnings power in all commodity price environments; and capture the full rare earth value chain through downstream integration into rare earth magnet production.
Customers
Materials Segment
The company sells the vast majority of its rare earth concentrate to Shenghe Resources (Singapore) International Trading Pte. Ltd. (‘Shenghe’) under the terms of the 2024 Offtake Agreement, which became effective in January 2024 and replaced and extended the 2022 Offtake Agreement. Shenghe is an indirect majority-owned subsidiary of Shenghe Resources Holding Co., Ltd., a leading global rare earth company listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange. Under the 2024 Offtake Agreement, Shenghe is contractually obligated to purchase the company’s rare earth concentrate product meeting certain minimum specifications as the exclusive distributor in China on a ‘take-or-pay’ basis (such that they are obliged to pay for product even if they are unable or unwilling to take delivery), with certain exceptions for the company’s direct sales globally. Shenghe then sells the rare earth concentrate it acquires to customers in China for processing into refined products. In addition, at the discretion of the company, Shenghe may be required to purchase on a ‘take-or-pay’ basis certain non-concentrate rare earth products, although the company may sell all non-concentrate rare earth products in its sole discretion to customers or end users in any jurisdiction.
The initial term of the 2024 Offtake Agreement is two years, with the option for the company to extend the term for an additional one-year period. The terms of the 2024 Offtake Agreement are substantially the same as those of the 2022 Offtake Agreement with the exception of the addition of NdPr metal into the definition of non-concentrate rare earth products.
In February 2023, the company entered into a distributorship agreement (the ‘Distribution Agreement’) with Sumitomo Corporation of Americas (‘Sumitomo’), under which Sumitomo serves as the exclusive distributor of the NdPr oxide and NdPr metal produced by the company to Japanese customers. The initial term of the Distribution Agreement extends through the end of 2025 with options to renew annually.
The company also regularly enters into short- and long-term sales contracts with other customers for the sale of its rare earth concentrate and separated rare earth products.
Magnetics Segment
In April 2022, the company entered into a long-term agreement to supply magnets and precursor products manufactured at the Independence Facility to GM as its foundational customer. The company is also pursuing sales opportunities to other customers for its future magnet products.
Properties
Mountain Pass
The company owns and operates the Mountain Pass Rare Earth Mine and Processing Facility (previously defined as ‘Mountain Pass’), which is located on 2,232 fee simple acres of land, approximately 50 miles southwest of Las Vegas, Nevada, near Mountain Pass, San Bernardino County, California, at geographic coordinates 35°28’56’N latitude and 115°31’54’W longitude. Mountain Pass supports the company’s Materials segment and includes an open-pit mine in the production stage, infrastructure supporting mining and processing operations, overburden and ore stockpiles, a crusher, a mill/flotation plant, hydrometallurgy facilities, separation plants, product finishing facilities, tailings processing and storage facilities, a water treatment plant, an idle chlor-alkali facility, and on-site evaporation ponds, as well as laboratory facilities to support product analysis and research and development activities, offices, maintenance shops, warehouses and support buildings.
In 2023, the company completed recommissioning activities on its previously idle separation facilities at Mountain Pass and completed construction of new assets, which are utilized to separate rare earth concentrate into other products, including NdPr oxide. The Mountain Pass facilities and infrastructure, the majority of which were constructed between 2012 and 2023, are in good operating condition and benefit from routine maintenance.
Mountain Pass directly abuts Interstate 15 and may be accessed by existing hard-surface roads. Water at Mountain Pass is supplied through active water wells, pit dewatering, and process water recovery. MP Materials’ facilities at Mountain Pass are powered by a natural gas-powered CHP plant, which produces electricity and steam, minimizing reliance on the regional electric power grid.
As of December 31, 2024, approximately 1,128 acres of the 2,232 acres were in use (e.g., existing buildings, infrastructure or active disturbance). Portions of the fee lands, none of which are actively being mined or are anticipated to be mined for the purpose of recovering ore, are subject to mineral reservations in favor of the U.S. for some properties and the State of California for other properties. The specific minerals reserved on those parcels vary according to the type of land patent or conveyance document through which the land was acquired or conveyed. The company also owns mining and mill site claims over a further 15,000 acres of adjacent land. The lands surrounding Mountain Pass are mostly public lands managed by the Bureau of Land Management and the National Park Service. In addition, MP Materials holds 525 unpatented lode and mineral mining claims and mill sites under the provisions of The Mining Law of 1872. These mining claims and mill sites provide land for mining, ancillary facilities, and expansion capacity around Mountain Pass.
Mountain Pass represents the largest commercial source of rare earth materials in the Western hemisphere. Molybdenum Corporation of America began REE mining operations at Mountain Pass in 1952. Mining, milling, and separation processes continued under Unocal Corporation, which purchased Molybdenum Corporation of America in 1977, until 1998. In 2005, ChevronTexaco Corporation acquired Unocal Corporation and then, in 2008, Molycorp Minerals, LLC acquired Mountain Pass from Chevron Mining Inc. Operations relating to mining, milling and separations resumed under Molycorp until they were placed into cold-idle status in mid-2015. In July 2017, the company acquired Mountain Pass from the Molycorp estate.
The company holds the necessary permits to operate Mountain Pass, including conditional use and minor use permits from San Bernardino County, California, and an associated environmental impact report, all of which were issued in 2004, which allow continued operation of Mountain Pass through 2042, though the company expects to extend such permits to allow for continued operation through at least 2053. Since restarting operations at the facility in the fourth quarter of 2017, the company’s activities initially focused on the milling and flotation processes, leading to production of a bastnaesite concentrate, rich in REE, with the first concentrate sales in the first quarter of 2018. In the second half of 2023, the company commenced production of separated rare earth products.
The bastnaesite ore body at Mountain Pass has been mined as a principal source of REE for a period of over 60 years. The Mountain Pass REE deposit is located within an uplifted block of Precambrian metamorphic and igneous rocks that are bounded to the south and east by basin-fill deposits in California’s Ivanpah Valley. The two main groups of rocks in the Mountain Pass area are Early Proterozoic high-grade metamorphic rocks and Middle Proterozoic ultrapotassic rocks and monazitic carbonatites, which carbonatites are associated with higher levels of REE. The total orebody strike length is approximately 2,750 feet and dip extent is 3,000 feet; true thickness of the more than 2% total rare earth oxide (‘TREO’) grade zone ranges between 15 feet and 250 feet.
Independence Facility
The company owns approximately 18 acres of land in Fort Worth, Texas, on which it is developing Independence, a metal, alloy, and magnet manufacturing facility as part of its Stage III strategy. The building and building improvements were substantially completed in the fourth quarter of 2023. In the fourth quarter of 2024, the company commissioned machinery and equipment used in the manufacturing of NdPr metal, including electrolysis cells, and placed into service certain other machinery and equipment necessary for the production of other magnetic precursor products, such as strip casters. Installation and construction related to certain magnet manufacturing processes and equipment continues within the building. The Independence Facility supports the Magnetics segment.
History
MP Materials Corp. was founded in 2017. The company was incorporated in 2020.