Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc. (‘Ginkgo’) provides biological research and development services for customers across multiple markets and industries.
The company’s platform comprises equipment, robotic automation, software, data pipelines, and tools, and standard operating procedures for high throughput cell engineering, fermentation, and analytics (referred to collectively as the ‘Foundry’), a library of proprietary biological assets and associated performance data (referred to collectively as...
Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc. (‘Ginkgo’) provides biological research and development services for customers across multiple markets and industries.
The company’s platform comprises equipment, robotic automation, software, data pipelines, and tools, and standard operating procedures for high throughput cell engineering, fermentation, and analytics (referred to collectively as the ‘Foundry’), a library of proprietary biological assets and associated performance data (referred to collectively as ‘Codebase’), and the company’s team of expert users, developers, and operators of the Foundry and Codebase.
The company’s Biosecurity business provides services to government and commercial customers working to identify, monitor, prevent, mitigate, and ultimately protect humanity from biological threats.
Ginkgo sells services in two business segments: cell engineering, where it provides biological R&D services for its customers across a range of industries, and biosecurity, where it provides services to government and commercial customers so they can work to identify, monitor, prevent, mitigate, and ultimately protect humanity from biological threats. An overview of these two business segments is provided below.
Cell engineering
The company’s cell engineering customers work with biology to discover and manufacture new products that have transformative potential across industries: in medicine, developing innovative new therapeutics and vaccines; in agriculture, advancing the sustainability and security of its food systems; in industrial biotechnology, advancing the way it manufactures a wide range of products for better performance and lower environmental impact; and in government, advancing new R&D priorities of strategic importance to the United States and its allies.
Ginkgo does not make end products; instead, it offers biological R&D services on the company’s platform to enable its customers to bring their products to market. Historically, Ginkgo’s primary service offering has been end-to-end cell engineering R&D services (solutions). In 2024, Ginkgo expanded its service offering to include services that provide its customers cell engineering tools for biological R&D, which are intended to provide more targeted and bespoke resources to customers that continue to conduct in-house R&D. The company’s services are designed to offer customers better results on the dimensions of probability of success, speed, or cost – and ideally on all three.
Compounding and mutually reinforcing improvements of the company’s laboratory automation and software infrastructure—its Foundry—and its reusable data assets—its Codebase—enable it to improve its services with each successive project.
The company’s Foundry is a flexible capability for large scale data generation; it powers generative AI and machine learning (‘ML’) tools that enable more successful biological R&D. It now offers services providing such data generation, AI, and automation tools directly to Ginkgo customers. The company’s Codebase is a data asset comprising best practices for cell engineering, along with sequences and host cells that have been honed through dozens of programs and can be directly reusable for its end-to-end cell engineering solutions.
Biosecurity
In the digital world, the company has learned that it needs to build comprehensive infrastructure to protect its digital systems—from financial markets to power grids—from harmful code. The modern cybersecurity industry offers tools to constantly identify, monitor, prevent, and mitigate cyber risk in near real-time. This is happening constantly, all around it. The company’s physical world demands the same type of widespread biosecurity infrastructure to detect, characterize, respond to, attribute, and prevent biological threats.
The company’s systems are overly reactive and remain insufficient to protect it from future biothreats, whether they come from Mother Nature, bioerror, or bioterror.
The company needs a fundamentally different approach to securing biology—one that starts with data. The genomic information that underlies the biological world is what allows the company to program it like computers, and it’s what allows it to understand biology at a molecular level and learn to predict how it’s going to behave in the world. The company’s biosecurity platform is built on the premise that genetic information is a critical data asset that will form the foundation for next-generation biosecurity. By building services to help the company’s customers monitor and analyze this data, it is contributing to a step change in humanity's ability to rapidly and reliably identify, monitor, prevent, and mitigate biological threats.
Because biosecurity is a matter of national and global security, the company’s primary biosecurity customers are governments. The company’s biosecurity offering has evolved over the past several years. It currently provides biosecurity services via two core offerings as introduced in early 2024:
Canopy, which helps the company’s customers generate high value genomic data from strategically-positioned nodes (like airports and border checkpoints) via end-to-end biomonitoring programs; and
Horizon, the company’s digital surveillance, analytics, and insights platform that detects and monitors biothreats worldwide.
Like the company’s cell engineering platform, its biosecurity platform gets better with scale. As it deploys more detection nodes, it can achieve earlier detection and develop deeper insights about biothreats as they originate and travel across the globe. The company invests in its platform to build out its operational (e.g., new node types), lab (e.g., new target detection), and digital (e.g., better prediction) capabilities. Increasing scale substantially strengthens the efficacy of its platform, as global data from multiple sources provides insights beyond what any single country’s data could yield alone.
Cell Engineering: enabling the discovery, functional optimization, and efficient manufacturing of biotechnology products
The company’s code is a physical object with chemical properties. It folds and binds and interacts in many complex ways. It produces proteins that catalyze chemical reactions that interact in a complex web of connections. Even the simplest cell programs encounter incredible complexity, emerging from all of the interactions of chemicals, DNA, RNA, and proteins inside of a cell.
As the company develops a greater ability to program biology and direct it towards novel and more challenging applications, the spectrum of possibilities will undoubtedly grow.
The company’s services span markets and modalities to enable a wide range of biotech products, including, but not limited to, systems for the discovery, optimization, and manufacturing of: DNA sequences delivered as vaccines and gene therapies, RNA sequences for vaccines and therapeutics, including mRNA, circular RNA, and other approaches, proteins used in biologic medicines and antibodies, adeno-associated virus (‘AAV’) capsids and other delivery methods for gene therapies, vaccines, plant traits for crop protection, and food and alternative meat and dairy, enzymes used in biocatalysis, diagnostics, therapeutics, and RNA vaccine production, small molecules and natural products that can be produced via pathways of multiple enzymes in engineered cells for pharmaceutical ingredients and adjuvants, agricultural biochemicals, cosmetics, and food ingredients, and specialty or commodity chemicals, microbial cells that can provide crop nutrition or crop protection in agriculture, impact soil carbon sequestration to help address climate change, and microbiome therapeutics, and mammalian cells for manufacturing of biologics, genomic medicines, and cell therapies.
Ginkgo provides these services using its platform for cell engineering. This platform brings together technology, data, biological assets, and subject matter experts: proprietary automation technologies that enable flexibility and scale, in-house software, machine learning, and generative AI models for cell programming, massive databases of DNA sequences and labeled data on functional performance of engineered cells, reusable assets that enable faster and more predictable cell programming, and expert scientists that leverage platform tools and data to enable partners to achieve their desired results.
Enabling Customer Success Across Markets
The company sells end-to-end cell engineering solutions and cell engineering tools offerings to customers across markets. Its customers bring incredible depth and expertise in their unique technical domains and market areas. Whether it’s their understanding of underlying disease biology or plant physiology, their experience with the performance of regulatory trials in animal studies, in the clinic, or in the field, or their knowledge of product formulation and functional testing, they have specialized deeply to be able to develop, manufacture, distribute, and market a product. The company’s role is to enable: it provides its customers with R&D solutions and tools that help them access more biological design space in order to discover and optimize functionality and develop efficient manufacturing methods for their products.
Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology
The company’s pharmaceutical and biotechnology customers use its services to develop new manufacturing methods for gene therapies, biologics, vaccines, and small molecule therapeutics and active pharmaceutical ingredients (‘APIs’), and to discover new RNA therapeutics, natural products, and much more. They use the company’s tools to generate high-quality data for training and validating AI models of cell and disease biology for use in target identification, target validation, and drug discovery, as well as for antibody developability.
Agriculture
The company’s customers in agriculture use its services to improve the performance and manufacturability of existing agricultural biologics, develop revolutionary new products for crop nutrition in nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, or carbon sequestration, and design new insect control proteins and other crop protection products to protect food security. It also offers 3,000 liters of pilot plant capacity for efficacy trial material generation, as well as a network of growth chambers and an approximately 12,000 square foot greenhouse facility for screening engineered microbes and wild-type microbes in planta.
Industrial Biotechnology
The company’s customers in industrial biotech use its services to improve the manufacturing efficiency and cost of goods sold for their new and existing biotechnological products, innovate materials with enhanced performance, develop enzymes for breaking down harmful pollutants or cells and proteins optimized for capturing rare earth elements, or valorize waste streams into feedstocks for more valuable products.
Government
Ginkgo is a trusted partner to government agencies worldwide as they work to protect people, supply chains, and critical resources, all by leveraging the power of biology. It regularly serves as a prime contractor on major research awards, bringing together partners and integrating their diverse biological capabilities. It also often supports projects and research consortia as an R&D subcontractor. The government agencies it partners with are tasked with safeguarding the future of national agriculture and food security, public health and biosecurity, energy independence and environmental sustainability, as well as healthcare, wellbeing, and longevity.
The end-to-end cell engineering solutions that the company sells
A selection of the company’s end-to-end cell engineering solutions offerings are described below.
Protein engineering and production for biopharmaceutical applications
The company provides a suite of microservices for product developers across industries that support bioengineers with protein engineering, an enzyme variant library design service, access to its proprietary low-viscosity Aspergillus niger strains, the performance of proof-of-concept protein production studies to evaluate and optimize protein production in high-performance chassis, as well as access to its EncapS platform—a cutting-edge, ultra-high throughput screening service designed to rapidly identify strains with enhanced protein titers. These on-demand services balance flexibility and cost-effectiveness with access to powerful technologies that enhance R&D efficiency.
Genetic medicines
The company provides comprehensive R&D services spanning the major genetic medicine modalities: gene therapy, cell therapy, and gene editing, and RNA therapeutics. Its capabilities include developing precision delivery systems through viral and non-viral approaches, engineering payloads for targeted expression, and optimizing manufacturing processes at scale. For gene therapy, it provides AAV capsid design and optimization, payload engineering, and high-titer production solutions. In cell therapy and gene editing, it supports CAR-T development, gene editor discovery, and immune cell engineering with its high-throughput screening platforms. For RNA therapeutics, the company’s services are intended to help customers optimize mRNA and circular RNA sequences for improved stability and expression, alongside lipid nanoparticle delivery system development. These services are complemented by the company’s suite of licensable assets, including capsids, promoters, untranslated regions (‘UTRs’), internal ribosome entry sites (‘IRESs’), and chimeric antigen receptor (‘CAR’) components, validated through extensive in vitro and in vivo testing. The company’s integrated approach combines domain expertise in protein engineering, high-throughput experimentation, and advanced analytics to address key challenges in immunogenicity, off-target effects, and regulatory compliance.
Packaged solutions for biopharmaceutical applications
The company provides standardized, ready-to-use solutions for accelerating biopharmaceutical R&D. It provides curated panels of enzymes for active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) manufacturing, including 192 Imine Reductase (IRED) enzymes and 384 2-Oxoglutarate Dependent Dioxygenases (2ODD) enzymes. The company’s EncapS platform for API production leverages ultra-high throughput screening technology to improve production strain productivity by 10-30%, screening libraries of over 1 million variants through nanoliter co-encapsulation. For genetic medicines, it provides licensable assets including promoters that surpass industry standards, optimized UTRs for enhanced RNA stability and protein expression, engineered AAV capsids with reduced antigenicity and improved tissue targeting, and synthetic immune receptors for cell therapies. These offerings are supported by easy-to-access fee-for-service programs, including its collaboration with Virica Biotech for AAV manufacturing optimization.
Small molecules & biologics for biopharmaceutical applications
The company provides comprehensive R&D services spanning both small molecule therapeutics and biologics. For small molecules, it enables the discovery and production of diverse compounds including APIs, natural products, antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals, and antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) payloads through its strain engineering expertise and biosynthetic pathway discovery capabilities. The company’s biologics services support the development and optimization of therapeutic proteins, peptides, enzymes, and other biological products using AI-driven protein engineering and its proprietary production platforms, including high-output methanol-free Pichia pastoris strains. These complementary capabilities are supported by its integrated approach to strain design, high-throughput screening, fermentation optimization, and downstream processing, all focused on achieving economical and high-quality production outcomes for both chemical and biological therapeutics.
Crop nutrition
The company provides comprehensive R&D services focused on advancing biological solutions for crop nutrition and plant health. Its services span three key areas: nutrient use efficiency, where it helps develop products that optimize nutrient bioavailability; carbon fixation, where it works on biologicals that enhance soil health; and abiotic stress management, where it develops solutions to improve crop resilience against environmental stressors. These capabilities are supported by the company’s extensive strain collection of over 315,000 agriculturally-relevant microorganisms, validated in vitro and in planta screening assays, and expertise in scaling up both whole-cell and biochemical active products. It offers both fee-for-service testing using its validated assay cascade from 384-well plates to greenhouse studies, as well as collaborative R&D partnerships spanning strain engineering through process development and formulation optimization. A flagship example of the company’s capabilities is its partnership with Bayer Crop Sciences, where it is developing biological solutions for nitrogen fixation in non-legume crops to reduce reliance on industrial fertilizers.
Crop protection
The company provides comprehensive R&D services to help partners develop and optimize biological crop protection products. Its capabilities include validated in vitro and in planta screening assays that enable confident selection of lead candidates, extensive expertise in scaling up active ingredients including both Cry proteins and novel bioactives, and access to its proprietary collection of over 315,000 strains isolated from agriculturally relevant environments. It works with partners through both fee-for-service arrangements focused on generating rigorous data packages to inform decision-making, as well as collaborative R&D projects aimed at developing market-ready products. The company’s services span the full product development cycle from strain selection and screening through process optimization, formulation development, and field trial support. Partners can access the company’s platform to expand their product portfolios with novel biocontrols, optimize the performance of existing products, reduce manufacturing costs, or generate reliable data to support their development programs. Throughout the development process, it focuses on optimizing manufacturing costs and process efficiency to ensure products can be produced at commercially viable price points that meet market requirements for growers and product developers that market to them.
Plant traits
The company provides comprehensive R&D services for discovering and optimizing plant traits, leveraging its proprietary metagenomic library of over 2.7 billion genes (with less than 5% overlap with public databases). Its capabilities in this space combine machine learning-based protein engineering, informed by over 15 years of experimental data collection, with expertise in optimizing multi-gene-of-interest trait expression in complex eukaryotic systems. It provides services spanning the full development cycle, from early trait discovery using patented enrichment and amplification techniques, through lead optimization using iterative high-throughput screening approaches, to gene construct design with optimized codons and promoters for more reliable expression. The company’s pilot plant site allows it to leverage proprietary host strains optimized for protein and enzyme production to test out material generation capabilities through large-scale efficacy trials.
Protein engineering and production for industrial biotechnology
The company provides R&D services that help its partners optimize production hosts for nutritional and functional protein manufacturing, and to develop effective enzymes and biocatalysts for industrial applications. Its industrial partners can access its enzyme discovery, enzyme optimization, assay development & high-throughput screening, and protein production expertise, taking advantage of its range of well-characterized and high-performance bacterial, fungal, and mammalian chassis strains, as well as its very wide range of experience designing and running scientific campaigns to engineer and improve these hosts. The company’s partners in the nutritional and functional protein space work with it to build research campaigns that leverage the above capabilities, as well as its investment into an in-house suite of host strains designed for glycoprotein, iron-bound, and structural protein production. Whether they are developing sweeteners, alternative dairy, alternative egg, thickeners, preservatives, or other exciting protein-based innovations, it can offer its partners in this space a mix of host evaluation and proof-of-concept studies, production host design and optimization campaigns, enzyme discovery and optimization research, and process development & scale-up capabilities to help de-risk and accelerate their R&D and go-to-market timelines.
Small molecules for industrial biotechnology
The company works with partners in the sustainable ingredients and chemical spaces, as well as across the flavors, fragrance, and colorant industries to support their R&D and manufacturing optimization efforts. Its particular expertise includes experience with microbial bio-production of many classes of natural products, including terpenoids, esters, aromatics, organic acids, pigments, and bioactive alkaloids. The company offers a range of custom R&D solutions that support its customers with molecule prototyping and pathway discovery, strain design and optimization for bioproduction, non-genetically modified strain improvement technologies, and its bioprocess development and scale-up capabilities. In the flavors, fragrances, and colorants industries, customers also often access the company’s proprietary database of microbial chassis and specialized tailoring enzymes (like terpene synthases, glycosyl transferases (UGTs), O-methyltransferases, and cytochrome P450s), which supports their efforts to improve pathway optimization, byproduct reduction, and enhanced product safety.
Fermentation and scale-up
The company’s Foundry includes a fleet of Sartorius Ambr 250 bioreactors, as well as a suite of colocated analytical instruments that its customers can leverage to deeply and widely explore strain performance across multiple fermentation and media conditions. It can pair this service with customized ML-enabled analysis to obtain and provide its customers deep physiological, genetic, and chemical insight into strain performance.
On the larger scale, the company also offers in-house pilot fermentation capacities at 5, 10, 30, and all the way up to 3,000 liters of pilot plant capacity for bioprocess development and scale-up. It can support its partners in proving out production processes with iterative and statistical approaches to develop robust fermentation process conditions, informed by automated sampling and standard analyses of secreted metabolites.
The cell engineering tools that the company sells
A selection of the company’s cell engineering tools offerings are described below.
Datapoints
Recent advances in ML, molecular simulation, and other computational techniques hold great promise to improve the company’s ability to program cells.
The company has introduced two new data generation services to provide high-quality data at the scale, price, and speed that AI-powered drug development demands:
The company’s Functional Genomics Datapoints services generate large, high-fidelity transcriptomic and phenotypic datasets in the disease context of its customers’ choice to power AI models of cell and disease biology for use in target identification, target validation, and drug discovery; and
The company’s Antibody Developability Datapoints services generate biophysical antibody characterization developability datasets for its customers to use in AI model training and validation.
Reconfigurable Automation Cart (‘RAC’) Systems
Ginkgo Automation’s capabilities build on years of internal expertise honed at Ginkgo and Zymergen, encompassing hardware design, software integration, and applications development, epitomized in its offering of RACs: The company’s Reconfigurable Automation Cart systems. The modularity and flexibility of the RACs enable high walkway time, high uptime, and high throughput experimentation for high-mix biological workflows like the kinds performed in Ginkgo’s Foundry and in its partners’ labs. In addition to providing advanced automation hardware and software, Ginkgo Automation’s deployments to third-party customers include access to Catalyst Flow, a fully remote, active error resolution and troubleshooting support service. Catalyst Flow’s proactive monitoring is expected to enable Ginkgo’s scientists and engineers to identify and resolve approximately 80-90% of system errors remotely, without the need for its customers to initiate tickets.
AI models
As Ginkgo drives scalability through the company’s models, it has heavily invested in the use and creation of AI foundational and fine-tuned models, which can provide significant benefits to its customers. Efficient use of AI is only possible with the use of massive amounts of data. Because of the company’s access to large amounts of data, Ginkgo has the ability to build superior foundational models and from there, build fine-tuned models designed to cater to its customer needs, all powered by its partnership with Google Cloud. It is releasing a stream of these models on its Model API.
Biosecurity: scaling biological intelligence for securing lives and livelihoods
Addressing biosecurity starts with being clear-eyed about biological risks and threats. The company holds at its core the tremendous positive potential of biology, and it knows that it is facing a biological landscape with more frequent, more severe, and more varied threats through time.
The company’s world is increasingly interconnected through travel and trade, giving pathogens and biological agents new opportunities to spread across the globe, impacting people’s health along with the complex global supply chains that its societies depend on to function. Climate change and habitat disruption are creating conditions for pathogens to emerge and spill over between animal populations and into humans more often and with more severe consequences. A global boom in investments into bio-laboratory capacity, designed to improve its tools to combat such pathogens, also comes with heightened risk of lab accidents—in spite of substantial efforts to improve biosafety. And unfortunately, there are those who seek to use biology for nefarious purposes, misusing its incredible potential to cause harm.
These trends are intertwined with geopolitical competition and destabilization, eroding buy-in and trust in institutions, and emerging technologies in both biotechnology and AI/ML, presenting a core security challenge for nations and the world. The company’s biosecurity platform is designed to help national and global leaders answer questions about and potentially protect from biological threats.
Governments around the world are the company’s primary customers as they seek to protect their citizens, economies, and critical infrastructures from biothreats. It has worked extensively with the U.S. government across the federal, state, and regional levels, and maintains the lab, logistical, and local relationships necessary to work closely with partners across the country in the event of any large-scale biothreat response.
The biosecurity services that the company sells
The company serves these customers through two core offerings:
Canopy helps the company’s customers generate high-value genomic data from strategically positioned nodes (e.g., airports and borders) via end-to-end biomonitoring programs, including:
Program services, such as program design, lab enablement, procurement, collection, and lab support;
Data services, such as bioinformatics and epidemiological tools, data delivery, and data visualization;
Insights, such as specialized reports and technical briefings specific to customers’ programs; and
Products, such as standard operating procedures (SOPs) and specialized lab assays.
Horizon is the company’s data, analytics, and insights platform that detects and monitors biothreats worldwide.
Ginkgo Biosecurity’s tailored Canopy product is a persistent, pervasive, locally-operated collection of environmental samples from strategic high-risk nodes—designed to detect and identify biothreats across a growing array of collection and sample types. The samples are analyzed through genomic sequencing of non-human DNA to turn the environment into data. Today, it is looking for a large and growing set of known threats, and it is developing methods that are threat agnostic and able to pick up on entirely novel genetic signatures.
The company’s Canopy technologies are expanding, and its goal is to be able to sample from a wide variety of nodes where pathogens emerge or spread, such as those pictured below. The company’s network scales to be more efficient as it adds greater volume and diversity of nodes. The company’s Canopy product scales primarily by driving efficiency through increased volume by better physical and lab operations, including program learnings, lower overhead requirements, and purchasing power.
Horizon is the company’s data, analytics, and insights platform that provides reporting of biothreat events worldwide, using three distinct data feeds: Early Detection, Genomic Surveillance, and Digital Biothreat Intelligence. The company’s Horizon business also scales as volume and node diversity increases as it has more information (e.g., via volumes) and more diverse data (e.g., via nodes), the company’s insights across the system are further enhanced.
Together, these products are serving customers across the globe, including nodes with over 126 countries of origin sampled as of February 19, 2025. The company’s operations are anchored by Ginkgo’s headquarters in Boston, which serves as a hub for managing its programs and analyzing data from its global network. The company’s network is increasingly bolstered by its operational and laboratory partners throughout the world. It will continue to enhance this network in the future through both new partnerships and regional hubs, known as Centers for Unified Biosecurity Excellence (CUBEs). After initially planning for a location in Doha, Qatar, Ginkgo Biosecurity and its in-country partner decided to move the facility to another location in Doha. Negotiations are ongoing, and it anticipates completion of the facility in 2026. When completed, this facility will support analysis of data from bioradar nodes across the region to generate insights for its customers.
Competition
The company competes with integrated automation companies like HighRes Biosolutions, Automata, and Thermo Fisher Scientific with its RAC laboratory automation products.
The company faces competition from a small number of companies that operate in focused biosecurity verticals, such as wastewater monitoring (e.g., Verily and Biobot, both primarily in the U.S.) and digital biosurveillance and modeling (e.g., BlueDot, Airfinity, and the Public Health Company), as well as internationally from BGI, China’s national champion for sequencing and diagnostics.
Intellectual Property
Although the company’s business is directed at sophisticated corporate customers rather than end consumers, it has trademark rights and registrations in its name, logo, and other brand indicia in the United States and other jurisdictions around the world. It also has registered domain names for websites that it uses in its business, such as www.ginkgobioworks.com.
Suppliers
Ginkgo’s suppliers for cell engineering operations comprise primarily manufacturers and distributors of life science tools, consumables, and equipment, as well as certain specific providers of contract research, development, and manufacturing services.
The company utilizes various third-party software and information technology service providers, including Google Cloud and Amazon Web Services, for data storage and processing. It also routinely engages a variety of third parties for professional services, contract employment services, and consulting services.
Government Regulations
The clinical laboratories the company partnered with for the company’s COVID-19 testing program are subject to federal oversight under the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendment of 1988 (‘CLIA’), which requires all clinical laboratories to meet certain quality assurance, quality control, and personnel standards.
Certain of the company’s partner laboratories must undergo on-site surveys at least every two years, which may be conducted by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (‘CMS’) under the CLIA program or by a private CMS-approved accrediting agency.
The operations of the company’s partner laboratories holding CLIA Certificates of Waiver are also subject to state and local laboratory regulation.
The company’s facilities and laboratories hold local, state, and federal permits, licenses, and registrations necessary for compliance in specific work and operations, including from the Massachusetts Water Resource Authority, Boston Fire Department, Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, Boston Public Health Commission, Cambridge Biosafety Committee, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, USDA, and DEA.
The company’s research facilities that synthesize DNA sequences or perform other activities could become subject to the FSAP, which involves rules administered by the CDC and the USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (‘APHIS’).
The company’s technologies and the technologies of its customers involve the use of genetically modified cells, organisms, and biomaterials, including, without limitation, GMOs and genetically modified microorganisms (‘GMMs’), and their respective products.
In the United States, numerous federal and state laws and regulations, including data breach notification laws, health information privacy and security laws, including HIPAA, and federal and state consumer protection laws and regulations (e.g., Section 5 of the FTC Act), that govern the collection, use, disclosure, and protection of health-related and other personal information could apply to the company’s operations or the operations of its partners.
Research and Development
The company’s research and development expenses were $424.1 million in 2024.
History
Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc. was founded in 2008.
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