Danaos Corporation (Danaos) operates as an international owner of container vessels and drybulk vessels, chartering its container vessels to many of the world’s largest liner companies and employing its drybulk vessels on short-term time charters and voyage charters.
The company operates through a number of subsidiaries incorporated in Liberia and the Republic of the Marshall Islands, all of which are wholly owned by the company and either directly or indirectly own the vessels in its fleet.
A...
Danaos Corporation (Danaos) operates as an international owner of container vessels and drybulk vessels, chartering its container vessels to many of the world’s largest liner companies and employing its drybulk vessels on short-term time charters and voyage charters.
The company operates through a number of subsidiaries incorporated in Liberia and the Republic of the Marshall Islands, all of which are wholly owned by the company and either directly or indirectly own the vessels in its fleet.
As of February 28, 2025, the company had a fleet of 74 containerships, aggregating 471,477 TEUs, 15 under construction containerships, aggregating 128,220 TEUs, and 10 Capesize bulk carriers, aggregating 1,760,861 DWT.
The company’s strategy is to charter its containerships under multi-year, fixed-rate period charters to a diverse group of liner companies, including many of the largest companies globally, as measured by TEU capacity. As of February 28, 2025, these customers included CMA-CGM, MSC, Yang Ming, Hapag Lloyd, ZIM, Maersk, COSCO, OOCL, ONE, PIL, Sealead, Niledutch, Samudera, OSC, ILS, and Arkas. The company operates its drybulk carriers in the spot market, on short-term time charters, and voyage charters.
As of December 31, 2024, the average remaining duration of the charters for the company’s 89 containerships, which included its newbuilding containerships scheduled for delivery in 2025 through 2028 (and gives effect to new charters, including for two of its newbuilding containerships, entered into in February 2025), was 3.9 years (weighted by aggregate contracted charter hire). The company’s containership fleet ranges in size from 2,200–13,100 TEU, providing the company flexibility to serve the diverse needs of its customers.
Fleet
Danaos is one of the largest containership operating lessors in the world. Since going public in 2006, the company has increased the TEU carrying capacity of its fleet in-the-water by more than four-fold. Since the beginning of 2022, the company has ordered 22 newbuilding containerships with 180,604 TEU aggregate capacity, seven of which have been delivered to the company. The company’s fleet includes some of the largest containerships in the world, which are designed with certain technological advances and customized modifications that make them efficient with respect to both voyage speed and loading capability when compared to many existing vessels operating in the containership sector. All of the newbuilding containerships in the company’s orderbook are designed with the latest eco characteristics, will be methanol fuel ready, fitted with open loop scrubbers, and Alternative Maritime Power (AMP) units, and will be built in accordance with the latest requirements of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) in relation to Tier III emission standards and Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) Phase III.
The company entered the drybulk sector, in which it had previously operated prior to 2008, by adding 7 Capesize drybulk carriers aggregating 1,231,157 DWT to its fleet in 2023 and 3 Capesize drybulk carriers aggregating 529,704 DWT in 2024, which have an average age (weighted by DWT) of 14.2 years as of February 28, 2025, for an aggregate purchase price of $219.4 million.
The company deploys its containership fleet principally under multi-year charters with major liner companies that operate regularly scheduled routes between large commercial ports, although in weaker containership charter markets, the company charters more of its vessels on shorter-term charters so as to be available to take advantage of any increase in charter rates. As of February 28, 2025, the company’s containership fleet consisted of 72 containerships deployed on time charters, 5 of which are scheduled to expire in 2025, and 2 containerships deployed on bareboat charters. The average age (weighted by TEU) of the 74 vessels in the company’s containership fleet was approximately 14.4 years as of February 28, 2025, which excluded its 15 newbuilding containerships scheduled for delivery in 2025 through 2028. As of December 31, 2024, the average remaining duration of the charters for the 89 vessels in the company’s containership fleet, which included the company’s newbuilding containerships scheduled for delivery in 2025 through 2028 (and gives effect to new charters, including for two of its newbuilding containerships, entered into in February 2025), was 3.9 years (weighted by aggregate contracted charter hire).
The company intends to charter its drybulk vessels primarily on short-term time charters and voyage charters, and accordingly, it is exposed to changes in spot market rates, namely to short-term time charter rates and voyage charter rates, for drybulk vessels.
Charterers
As of February 28, 2025, the company’s diverse group of customers in the containership sector included CMA-CGM, MSC, Yang Ming, Hapag Lloyd, ZIM, Maersk, COSCO, OOCL, ONE, PIL, Sealead, Niledutch, Samudera, OSC, ILS, and Arkas.
The containerships in the company’s fleet are primarily deployed under multi-year, fixed-rate charters having initial terms up to 18 years. These charters expire at staggered dates ranging from September 2025 to the fourth quarter of 2033 (including time charters for the company’s newbuilding container vessels). The staggered expiration of the multi-year, fixed-rate charters for its vessels is both a strategy pursued by the company’s management and a result of the growth in its fleet. Under the company’s time charters, the charterer pays voyage expenses, such as port, canal, and fuel costs, other than brokerage and address commissions paid by the company, and the company pays for vessel operating expenses, which include crew costs, provisions, deck and engine stores, lubricating oil, insurance, maintenance, and repairs. The company is also responsible for each vessel’s intermediate and special survey costs.
Under the time charters, when a vessel is ‘off-hire’ or not available for service, the charterer is generally not required to pay the hire rate, and the company is responsible for all costs. The company currently intends to charter its drybulk vessels primarily on short-term time charters and voyage charters, and accordingly, it is exposed to changes in spot market rates, namely to short-term time charter rates and voyage charter rates, for drybulk vessels. The company’s Capesize bulk carriers generated revenue from short-term time charters and voyage charter agreements from 14 customers in the year ended December 31, 2024.
Environmental and Other Regulations
Government regulation significantly affects the ownership and operation of the company’s vessels. They are subject to international conventions, national, state, and local laws, regulations, and standards in force in international waters and the countries in which the company’s vessels may operate or are registered, including those governing the management and disposal of hazardous substances and wastes, the cleanup of oil spills and other contamination, air emissions, wastewater discharges, and BWM. These laws and regulations include the U.S. Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (the ‘OPA’), the U.S. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (‘CERCLA’), the U.S. Clean Water Act, MARPOL, regulations adopted by the IMO and the EU, various volatile organic compound air emission requirements, and various SOLAS amendments, as well as other regulations.
A variety of governmental and private entities subject the company’s vessels to both scheduled and unscheduled inspections. These entities include the local port authorities (U.S. Coast Guard, harbor master, or equivalent), classification societies, flag state administration (country of registry), charterers, and, particularly, terminal operators.
The company’s vessels are subject to standards imposed by the IMO (the United Nations agency for maritime safety and the prevention of pollution by ships).
The company has obtained International Air Pollution Prevention certificates for all of its vessels.
The operation of the company’s vessels is also affected by the requirements set forth in the ISM Code, which was made effective in July 1998. Each of the vessels in the company’s fleet is ISM Code-certified.
The company has complied with the USCG regulations by providing a financial guaranty in the required amount.
The company has complied with these requirements by providing a financial guarantee evidencing sufficient self-insurance. The company has satisfied these requirements and obtained a USCG certificate of financial responsibility for all of its vessels trading in the United States of America.
The company has provided a financial guaranty in the required amount to the USCG and will continue to fulfill this requirement for all of the company’s vessels.
Under U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (‘EPA’) regulations, the company is required to obtain a CWA permit regulating and authorizing any discharges of ballast water or other wastewaters incidental to its normal vessel operations if it operates within the three-mile territorial waters or inland waters of the United States. Many of the VGP requirements have already been addressed in the company’s vessels’ current ISM Code SMS Plan.
The company has submitted NOIs for all of its vessels that operate or potentially operate in U.S. waters and has submitted annual reports for all of its covered vessels.
The Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (‘SEEMP’) is applicable to currently operating vessels of 400 metric tons, and the company is in compliance.
Any passage of climate control legislation or other regulatory initiatives by the IMO, the EU, or individual countries in which the company operates, or any international treaty adopted to succeed the Kyoto Protocol could require the company to make significant financial expenditures or otherwise limit its operations that it cannot predict with certainty at this time.
The company has implemented the various security measures addressed by the MTSA, SOLAS, and the ISPS Code and has ensured that its vessels are compliant with all applicable security requirements.
Compliance with the maritime EU ETS may result in additional compliance and administration costs. These amendments impose an additional regulatory burden on the company to ensure that its vessels meet the requirements of the revised EU-MRV, as well as potential additional costs related to the ETS.
The company’s vessels are subject to CAA vapor control and recovery standards for cleaning fuel tanks and conducting other operations in regulated port areas and emissions standards for so-called ‘Category 3’ marine diesel engines operating in U.S. waters.
History
The company was founded in 1963. It was incorporated in 1998. The company was formerly known as Danaos Holdings Limited and changed its name to Danaos Corporation in 2005.