HSBC Holdings plc (‘HSBC Holdings’) and its affiliates (‘HSBC’) operate as a banking and financial services company worldwide.
Global Reach
In 2024, the company served around 41 million customers worldwide through a network covering 58 countries and territories. The company's customers range from individual savers and investors to some of the world’s biggest companies, governments and international organizations.
Global Businesses in 2024
In 2024, the company served its customers through thr...
HSBC Holdings plc (‘HSBC Holdings’) and its affiliates (‘HSBC’) operate as a banking and financial services company worldwide.
Global Reach
In 2024, the company served around 41 million customers worldwide through a network covering 58 countries and territories. The company's customers range from individual savers and investors to some of the world’s biggest companies, governments and international organizations.
Global Businesses in 2024
In 2024, the company served its customers through three global businesses, which focused on delivering growth in areas where it has distinctive capabilities and has significant opportunities. Effective 1 January 2025, the company will operate through four new businesses.
Wealth and Personal Banking (’WPB’)
WPB helped millions of the company's customers look after their day-to-day finances, and manage, protect, and grow their wealth. The company's WPB business served 40 million customers globally, including 7.7 million who are international, from retail customers to ultra-high net worth individuals, and their families.
To meet its customers’ needs, WPB offered a full suite of products and services across transactional banking, lending, and wealth. WPB continued to invest in its key strategic priorities of expanding its Wealth franchise in Asia, developing its transactional banking and lending capabilities, and addressing its customers’ international needs.
Performance in 2024 reflected strong growth in Wealth, with double-digit growth across Retail investment distribution, Private Banking, and life insurance, as well as growth in asset management.
Commercial Banking (‘CMB’)
The company's global reach and expertise helped domestic and international businesses around the world unlock their potential. The company's CMB business served around 1.2 million customers across various countries and territories, ranging from small enterprises to large companies operating globally.
CMB partnered with businesses around the world, supporting every stage of their growth, international ambitions, and sustainability transitions. CMB delivered value to clients through its international network, financing strength, digital capabilities, and its universal banking offering, including its global trade and payments solutions. The company has been recognised as the World’s best Trade Finance Bank, and the World’s best Payments and Treasury Bank (Euromoney Awards), and it continues to invest in capabilities to assist clients in fulfilling their business needs more efficiently. The company completed its first full year of HSBC Innovation Banking with over 1,200 new customers onboarded in 2024.
Global Banking and Markets (’GBM’)
GBM provided a comprehensive range of financial services and products to corporates, governments, and institutions. The company's GBM business supported multinational corporates, financial institutions, and institutional clients, as well as public sector and government bodies.
GBM is a leading provider of transaction banking, financing, and risk management solutions to its clients. The company's global network, with expertise, particularly in Asia and the Middle East, provides a differentiated service to its clients’ international financial requirements.
Regulation and Supervision
The ordinary shares of HSBC Holdings are listed in London, Hong Kong, New York, and Bermuda. As a result of the listing in London, HSBC Holdings is subject to the UK Listing Rules of the Financial Conduct Authority (UK) (FCA). As a result of the listing in Hong Kong, HSBC Holdings is subject to The Rules Governing the Listing of Securities on The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited (‘HKEX’). In the U.S., where the listing is through an American Depositary Receipt Programme, shares are traded in the form of American Depositary Shares (‘ADS’), which are registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (‘SEC’). As a consequence of its U.S. listing, HSBC Holdings is also subject to the reporting and other requirements of the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended; the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and the New York Stock Exchange’s (‘NYSE’) Listed Company Manual, in each case as applied to foreign private issuers. In Bermuda, HSBC Holdings is subject to the listing rules of the Bermuda Stock Exchange applicable to companies with secondary listings.
A statement of the company's compliance with the provisions of the UK Corporate Governance Code issued by the Financial Reporting Council, and with the Hong Kong Corporate Governance Code.
The U.K.'s Prudential Regulation Authority (‘PRA’) is the HSBC Group’s consolidated lead regulator. HSBC Holdings is approved by, and directly responsible to the PRA for ensuring the HSBC Group meets consolidated prudential requirements. The company's other lead U.K. regulator, the FCA, supervises 14 of HSBC’s entities in the U.K., including seven where the PRA is responsible for those entities’ prudential supervision. The FCA maintains global oversight of the company’s management of financial crime risk in the exercise of its wider powers under the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000, and through the exercise of direct supervisory powers over HSBC Holdings. In addition, and as required under relevant local laws, each operating bank, finance company, and insurance operation within HSBC is regulated by relevant local regulatory authorities.
The company's banking subsidiaries in the U.K., such as HSBC Bank plc and HSBC UK, are ‘dual-regulated’ firms, subject to prudential regulation by the PRA, and to conduct regulation by the FCA. Other (generally smaller, non-bank) U.K.-based subsidiaries are ‘solo regulated’ by the FCA (i.e., the FCA is responsible for both prudential and conduct regulation of those subsidiaries). The company is subject to consolidated supervision by the PRA.
The company is subject to federal and state supervision and regulation in the U.S. Banking laws and regulations of the Federal Reserve Board (the ‘FRB’), the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (the ‘OCC’), and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (the ‘FDIC’) (collectively, the ‘U.S. banking regulators’) govern various aspects of its U.S. business. HSBC Bank USA, N.A. (‘HSBC Bank USA’) is subject to direct supervision and regulation by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (‘CFPB’), which has the authority to examine and take enforcement action related to compliance with the U.S. federal consumer financial laws and regulations. HSBC Bank USA’s derivative activities are subject to supervision and regulation by the Securities and Exchange Commission (‘SEC’) and Commodity Futures Trading Commission (‘CFTC’). The company's U.S. securities broker/dealer and investment banking operations are also subject to ongoing supervision and regulation by the SEC, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, and other government agencies and self-regulatory organisations under the U.S. federal and state securities laws. Similarly, the company's U.S. commodity futures, commodity options, and swaps-related and client clearing operations are subject to ongoing supervision and regulation by the CFTC, the National Futures Association, and other self-regulatory organisations under the U.S. federal commodities laws. Furthermore, since it has substantial operations outside the U.S. that conduct many of their day-to-day transactions with the U.S., HSBC entities’ operations outside the U.S. are also subject to the extraterritorial effects of the U.S. regulation in many respects.
HSBC Holdings and its U.S. operations are subject to supervision, regulation, and examination by the FRB because HSBC Holdings is a ‘bank holding company’ (‘BHC‘) under the U.S. Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as a result of its control of HSBC Bank USA and HSBC Trust Company (Delaware), N.A., Wilmington, Delaware (‘HTCD’). HSBC North America Holdings (‘HNAH‘) and HSBC USA Inc. are each a ‘bank holding company’, and HNAH is also an intermediate holding company (‘IHC’) regulated by the FRB. HSBC Holdings, HNAH, and HSBC USA Inc. have elected to be financial holding companies pursuant to the provisions of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act.
The two U.S. banks, HSBC Bank USA and HTCD, are subject to regulation and examination primarily by the OCC. HSBC Bank USA and HTCD are subject to additional regulation and supervision by the FDIC, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, and the FRB. Banking laws and regulations restrict many aspects of their operations and administration, including the establishment and maintenance of branch offices, capital and reserve requirements, deposits and borrowings, investment and lending activities, payment of dividends, and numerous other matters.
Under FRB regulations, HNAH is subject to supervisory stress testing requirements (on an every other year basis, with the next FRB supervisory stress test expected to take place in 2026) that are designed to evaluate whether a BHC has sufficient capital on a total consolidated basis to absorb losses, and support operations under severely adverse economic conditions.
HSBC Bank USA and HSBC Bank plc are registered as swap dealers with the CFTC and registered as security-based swap (‘SBS’) dealers with the SEC. Because it is a non-U.S. dealer, HSBC Bank plc is only subject to certain of the CFTC’s requirements in respect of swap transactions with the U.S. persons, and certain persons guaranteed by or affiliated with the U.S. persons, and only subject to certain of the SEC’s requirements in respect of SBS transactions with the U.S. persons, or which are arranged, negotiated, or executed by the U.S. personnel. HSBC Bank plc is also permitted to satisfy certain CFTC requirements, and SEC requirements through ‘substituted compliance’ pursuant to relevant determinations and related relief issued by the SEC and the CFTC.
Pursuant to Title VII, the U.S. prudential regulators adopted margin requirements for non-cleared swaps and SBS for prudentially regulated swap dealers, and SBS dealers, such as HSBC Bank USA and HSBC Bank plc. Subject to certain exceptions, the margin rules require HSBC Bank USA and HSBC Bank plc to collect and post initial and variation margin for non-cleared swaps and SBS entered into with other swap dealers, and certain financial end-users. The prudential regulators’ margin requirements, the parallel margin rules adopted by the CFTC and the SEC, and certain non-U.S. regulators, as well as other regulations of over-the-counter (‘OTC’) derivatives under Title VII, have increased the costs associated with trading OTC derivatives, and may adversely affect the company's business in such products.
The company is also subject to regulatory stress testing in many jurisdictions. These have increased both in frequency, and in the granularity of information required by supervisors. They include the programmes of the BoE, the FRB (as explained in the ‘U.S. regulation and supervision’ section), the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (the ‘OCC’), the EBA, the ECB, the Hong Kong Monetary Authority (‘HKMA’), and other regulators.
In Europe, the Bank Recovery and Resolution Directive (BRRD) establishes a framework for the recovery and resolution of EU credit institutions, and investment firms. This framework applies to the company’s operating banks in the European region. In Hong Kong, the Banking Ordinance and Financial Institutions (Resolution) Ordinance sets out requirements for recovery and resolution planning. In general, each respective part of the company is responsible for ensuring that it meets local recovery and resolution requirements where they exist, which are mainly applicable only to those regulated entities in a particular jurisdiction.
As a result, the company is overseen by various regulators, and resolution authorities, including its global regulators, and resolution authority, the BoE, and the PRA, and a number of host regulators, and resolution authorities. Examples include the European SRB, the HKMA, FRB, FDIC, and OCC. These host resolution authorities have statutory resolution group powers, which could be applied to subsidiaries of the company in their jurisdictions. The application of these local statutory resolution powers may result in one or more individual resolution authorities leading to a local resolution of the subsidiaries within their jurisdiction.
History
HSBC Holdings plc was founded in 1865. The company was incorporated in England in 1959.